Trees; a handbook of forest-botany for the woodlands and the laboratory . er tertiaries which are conspicuously strongerthan the normal tertiaries elsewhere, and emerge at moreacute angles. Leaf-base nearly equal and somewhatcordate. © © No glandular hairs. Stipules caducous. £7 Young leaves plicate but not condupli-cate. Carpinus Betulus, L. Hornbeam (Fig. 85). Largetree with Elm-like leaves, and Beech-like trunk and 4—10 x 3 —5 cm. (4—11 x 25—6 cm.), ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, to broad ovate-lanceolate, acute oracuminate, slightly oblique and cordate or rounded at thebase, a
Trees; a handbook of forest-botany for the woodlands and the laboratory . er tertiaries which are conspicuously strongerthan the normal tertiaries elsewhere, and emerge at moreacute angles. Leaf-base nearly equal and somewhatcordate. © © No glandular hairs. Stipules caducous. £7 Young leaves plicate but not condupli-cate. Carpinus Betulus, L. Hornbeam (Fig. 85). Largetree with Elm-like leaves, and Beech-like trunk and 4—10 x 3 —5 cm. (4—11 x 25—6 cm.), ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, to broad ovate-lanceolate, acute oracuminate, slightly oblique and cordate or rounded at thebase, and sharply bi-serrate or sinuate-serrate, with thickteeth. Bright matt green and glabrous above, paler andsometimes slightly pubescent on the venation or in theangles beneath. Slightly gimped between the salientteeth in which the secondaries end, so that the marginappears faintly cut into bays. Petiole short (10—15 mm.),eglandular. Lamina plaited parallel to the veins in bud HORNBEAM 239 ( plicate, but not conduplicate), pubescent. Autumnleaves Fig. 85. Hornbeam, Carpinus Betulus, p. 238 (Ett). The Elms have more forked secondaries, are usuallyharsher, and have much smaller buds and stipules, andthe oblique leaf is conduplicate and less plicate in most obvious distinctions are derived from the bark,flowers, and fruits. 240 HORNBEAM: ELM Venation strict-pinnate, midrib strong to the middlegiving off on each side 10—15 sharp secondaries, straight—or the lowermost somewhat divergent—to the bi-serratemargin, each ending in a tooth, and alternate or the lowestopposite. Tertiaries not looped, very fine and much ana-stomosed : the outer at acute, the inner at 90° or moreobtuse angles: those from the midrib at about 90° or pair of secondaries distant about -^ of the length ofthe midrib, the lowest much shorter than those in themiddle of the leaf, and almost devoid of conspicuous outernerves, but with a few weak ones. Leaf-base equal a
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