. American farming and stock raising, with useful facts for the household, devoted to farming in all its departments. Agriculture. 1926 APPENDIX. followed, drains can be laid by the average farmer with the ordinary hands employed on the farm without danger of failure from imperfect work; and what is also of importance, the draining of the farm can be done as labor can best be spared for the purpose. A permanent and efBcient drain can only be made by keeping in mind certain funda- mental conditions that must be secured in the prosecution of the work. The tiles must be on a true grade without an
. American farming and stock raising, with useful facts for the household, devoted to farming in all its departments. Agriculture. 1926 APPENDIX. followed, drains can be laid by the average farmer with the ordinary hands employed on the farm without danger of failure from imperfect work; and what is also of importance, the draining of the farm can be done as labor can best be spared for the purpose. A permanent and efBcient drain can only be made by keeping in mind certain funda- mental conditions that must be secured in the prosecution of the work. The tiles must be on a true grade without an}' vertical undxilations ; the ends of the tiles must fit together closely, with proper protection to prevent sOt from entering from the upper side ; and with a fall of but six inches, or less, in 100 feet, each foot of the drain must have its due and proper proportion. To sscure these conditions, it is evident that there must be some ai-- rangement for determining the position of every tile with some degree of accuracy. The boning rods. A levels, and other devices described in the books on draining, for getting the grade of the drain, are not only inconvenient to use, but they cannot be relied on to establish the grade with the accuracy required where there is but little fall. The usual directions given to prepare the whole length of the trench for the tiles and then begin at the upper end to lay them, will be found impracticable on a large proportion of the land that needs draining, and unless the bottom of the trench is hard and dry, per- fect work cannot be done in that way. In my own experience I have seen but very few ditches where it was possible to lay the tUes from the upper end towards the outlet and make a good drain. The practice of beginning at the outlet and finishing the drain as the work progressed, first suggested b}' myself, has many advantages, and when once fairly tried no other method will be thought of. By beginning at the outlet the drain as laid is worki
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