. Studies in the history and method of science. popularized in mediaeval psychologyby the writings of Albertus Magnus (1206-80). The anatomicaldistinction is found in Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Rhazes, andin some of the best MSS. of the latter writer a rough diagram ofthe ventricles is given.^ These writers are all clearly mdebted tothe anatomy of Galen,^ but on the psychological side AlbertusMagnus probably drew mainly either from Ghazali ^ (1059-1111), who in turn derived his inspiration from Nemesius (fourthcentury) and Johannes Damascenus (died 756), or else from ^ See P. de Koning, Trois T
. Studies in the history and method of science. popularized in mediaeval psychologyby the writings of Albertus Magnus (1206-80). The anatomicaldistinction is found in Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Rhazes, andin some of the best MSS. of the latter writer a rough diagram ofthe ventricles is given.^ These writers are all clearly mdebted tothe anatomy of Galen,^ but on the psychological side AlbertusMagnus probably drew mainly either from Ghazali ^ (1059-1111), who in turn derived his inspiration from Nemesius (fourthcentury) and Johannes Damascenus (died 756), or else from ^ See P. de Koning, Trois Traites dAnatomie arabes, Leyden, 1903, p. 47. 2 See J. Wiberg, The Anatomy of the Brain in the Works of Galen and *AliAbbas ; a comparative historical-anatomical study, Janus, vol. xix, p. 17 andp. 84, Leyden, January and March, 1914. ^ See A. Schneider, Die Psychologic Alberts des Grossen, p. 160, in Beitragezur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, Band iv, Heft 5, Munich, 1903. 1892 T 114 A STUDY IN EARLY RENAISSANCE ANATOMY r Fig. 13. From Illustrissimi philosophi et theologi dominiAlberti magni compendiosum insigne ac perutile opus Philoso-phiae naturalis, Venice, 1496, showing the ventricles of the brain. early writers of theSalernitan tradition,such as Constan-tine ^ (eleventh cen-tury), or Petrocello ^(twelfth century),who drew largely onTheophilus (seventhcentury).^ This outline ofa tripartite divisionof the brain and itscavities was closelyfollowed throughoutthe Middle Ages, aswas also the curi-ously naive and ex-cessively material-istic psychology towhich it gave rise,and which Manfrediadopts. We illus-trate his views ofthe relationship ofthe different partsof the brain andtheir parallelism inmental processes,from a series ofdiagrams extractedfrom contemporaryworks (Figs. 13-18).The brain was S. de 1 Constantine Africanus, De communihus medico cognitu necessariis locis,Lib. iii, cap. 11, Edition Henricus Petrus, Basel, 1541. 2 Practica Petrocelli Sal
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