. Electric railway journal . ost suit-able for electric railway service. The demand for the stand-ard apparatus is practically unlimited and it can be builtfor a lower first cost. But its use results in increasedmaintenance expense, and this, I believe, strengthens thetheory that only through standardization can electric rail-ways secure the material most suitable for their service ata reasonable price. August 26, 1911.] ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL. 349 HEADLIGHTS FOR INTERURBAN SERVICE BY C. DORTICOS, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY In the early trolley systems the incandescent headlightwas standard an
. Electric railway journal . ost suit-able for electric railway service. The demand for the stand-ard apparatus is practically unlimited and it can be builtfor a lower first cost. But its use results in increasedmaintenance expense, and this, I believe, strengthens thetheory that only through standardization can electric rail-ways secure the material most suitable for their service ata reasonable price. August 26, 1911.] ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL. 349 HEADLIGHTS FOR INTERURBAN SERVICE BY C. DORTICOS, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY In the early trolley systems the incandescent headlightwas standard and adequate, but with the advent of largercars and higher schedule speeds a more powerful head-light became necessary. To meet this condition severaltypes of inclosed carbon lamps were placed on the marketand soon came into general use. This type of lamp (seeFig. 1) consisted of a cylindricalcasing inclosing a solenoid mechan-ism which controlled a clutch bywhich the upper or positive carbonwas separated from the lower, which. economy of operation and simple and rigid mechanical con*struction. The basic principle of this lamp, six differenttypes of which have been developed for railway service,is as follows: The mechanism (see Fig. 3) is of the non-regulatingtype and is designed to strike an arc of fixed length. Slowelectrode consumption provides opportunity for sufficientnatural interruptions of the circuit, incidental to regularoperation, to maintain the arc within safe voltage insures a simple and stanch construction, suitable forall classes of service. The moving elements of the mechanismare mounted on a sliding galvanized iron frame which issecured to the casing by means of a wing-nut and is made at the back of the casing to terminals onthe back of the frame. Thus the lamps may be easily re-moved for repair or inspection. One of the characteristicsof the luminous arc is its reduced luminosity when re-
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