. The steam-engine and other heat-motors. ,-»!«-*! MCLTIPLE-EXPAXSIOX EXGIXES. .310 To Draw the Combined Diagram.—Draw any line to representthe clearance line as in Fig. 163. Perpendicular to it, at any givenpoint, erect a line, called the zero line, whose assumed length willrepresent the volume of the low-pressure cylinder plus the clear-ance. Lay off tins clearance. Divide the remainder into anynumber of parts and divide the atmospheric line of the low-pressurediagram (limited by the end ordinates of the diagram) into thesame number of parts. Draw ordinates through these poin
. The steam-engine and other heat-motors. ,-»!«-*! MCLTIPLE-EXPAXSIOX EXGIXES. .310 To Draw the Combined Diagram.—Draw any line to representthe clearance line as in Fig. 163. Perpendicular to it, at any givenpoint, erect a line, called the zero line, whose assumed length willrepresent the volume of the low-pressure cylinder plus the clear-ance. Lay off tins clearance. Divide the remainder into anynumber of parts and divide the atmospheric line of the low-pressurediagram (limited by the end ordinates of the diagram) into thesame number of parts. Draw ordinates through these points andlay off in the combined diagram (in accordance to its assumed H. P. CYL. Standard Engine Tests Fig. 164. scale of pressures) the pressures as determined by the length of thecorresponding ordinates in the single card. To the same scale of volumes lay off the volume of the high-pressure cylinder and its clearance from the clearance line or lineof zero volume. As before, after laying off its clearance, dividethe remainder into any number of parts and divide the length ofthe high-pressure card into the same number of parts. Convertthe ordinates of the high-pressure card into pressures and lay offthese pressures (to the chosen scale for the low-pressure card) inthe combined diagram. Practical Diagrams.—In the formation of the theoretical dia-grams just described many assumptions were made that areimpossible of attainment in practice. There is— 320 THE STEAM-ENGINE AND OTHER HEAT-MOTORS. 1. The loss due to drop of pressure between the steam-boiler and the piston. This includes loss in the pipe, bends,valves, and separators. It varies from 5% of the boiler-pr
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