. Criteria for deciding about forestry research programs. Forests and forestry Research United States. tion of appropriated funds obligated directly for extramural re- search climbed steadily from about 2 percent of appropriations in FY 1969, to 10 percent in FY 1979 (fig. 11). Direct obligations for extramural research in FY 1978 were $ million and in FY 1979 were $ million. Most of these obligations (67 percent) were for cooperative aid research in which Forest Service scientists had a direct, substantial in- volvement (fig. 12). One recent study found that 4 scientist- years bought t
. Criteria for deciding about forestry research programs. Forests and forestry Research United States. tion of appropriated funds obligated directly for extramural re- search climbed steadily from about 2 percent of appropriations in FY 1969, to 10 percent in FY 1979 (fig. 11). Direct obligations for extramural research in FY 1978 were $ million and in FY 1979 were $ million. Most of these obligations (67 percent) were for cooperative aid research in which Forest Service scientists had a direct, substantial in- volvement (fig. 12). One recent study found that 4 scientist- years bought through cooperative aid fully obligated one scientist-year within the Forest Service. About 32 percent of the obligations were for grants, which had little effect on the time of Forest Service scientists. Only about 1 percent of obli- gations were for contracts. A recent study indicated that the appropriation level costs, being greater than direct obligations, for extramural research totaled $ million in FY 1979. The share of appropriations to the performer, $ million, amounted to 53 percent. A nearly equal share (47 percent) was obligated intramurally for research management and support services (25 percent) and for scientific input (22 percent). Because cooperative research predominated, these proportions might not hold for greatly ex- panded extramural research programs. All indications are that the economic efficiency of ex- tramural research may be equal to, but probably is less than, that of intramural research. Real benefits are to be gained from extramural research as well as from intramural research. And each has its limitations as well. If extramural research were to be expanded considerably, would there be enough scientific talent available to utilize funds effectively? Our best estimate is that moderate expansion of research programs, to APD mid-level 3, would increase de- mand for extramural scientists fivefold (fig. 13). At the highest APD level 1, demand
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