Mongolia: Ligdan Khan, Khagan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty (r. 1604-1634), 20th century. Ligdan/Ligden/Lindan Khutugtu Khan (1588–1634) was the last in the Borjigin clan of Mongol Khans who ruled the Mongols from Chakhar. His reign was deeply unpopular due to its harsh restrictions over Mongols, resulting in violent opposition. He was allied with Ming China and sponsored Tibetan Buddhism, but it meant little with the rise of the Qing dynasty and the Manchus as the major political power in East Asia. Many of the clans revolted against him and he had to flee, eventually dying of smallpox.

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Photo credit: © Pictures From History / Alamy / Afripics
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