. A dictionary of birds . and graiiivorous birds, Phil. Trans, 1814. , Logons danatvmie comparie, ed. 2, 1835. R. Owen, Todds Cydopeedia0/ Anatomy and Fhysiology, article Aves, 1836. W. Macgillivray, Obser-vations ou the Digestive Organs of Birds, Mag. Zool. and Bol. 1837. Occasionalnotes on the intestinal canal are extremely numerous, among others by Burton,Crisp, Duvernay, Forbes, Garrod, Jobert, Leuckart, LHerminier, Slartin, Nitzsch,Pavesi. Perrin. and Yairell 14: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM descending branch lies, when viewed from the ventral side, to theright of the second or ascending bran
. A dictionary of birds . and graiiivorous birds, Phil. Trans, 1814. , Logons danatvmie comparie, ed. 2, 1835. R. Owen, Todds Cydopeedia0/ Anatomy and Fhysiology, article Aves, 1836. W. Macgillivray, Obser-vations ou the Digestive Organs of Birds, Mag. Zool. and Bol. 1837. Occasionalnotes on the intestinal canal are extremely numerous, among others by Burton,Crisp, Duvernay, Forbes, Garrod, Jobert, Leuckart, LHerminier, Slartin, Nitzsch,Pavesi. Perrin. and Yairell 14: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM descending branch lies, when viewed from the ventral side, to theright of the second or ascending branch; both invariably enclosethe Pancreas. A loop which runs in the same way as the duodenum may betermed right-handed, and one running in the opposite way is left-handed, its descending branch lies to the left of the ascendingbranch. Again, if the intestine forms a number of (mostly closed)loops, which run parallel with each other in the long axis of thebody, we term this arrangement orthoccelous, or Diagrammatic KEritKSENTATioN of the principal relative positions of the Intestinal Loops when seen rRoii the right 7i. Anticoelous. c. Anti-Pericuelous. d. Iso-Pericalous. e. Cyclocalous. /, f). Plagioccelous. h. Telogyrous. The descending branches of the loops are marked by black lines, the ascending or return-ing branches are dotted. The first and third loops in lig. h are right-handed, the second is left-handed ; in llg. cthe second is left-, the third right-handed, etc. (From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1SS9.) If, on the other hand, some of the loops form a s])iral, we dis-tinguish this formation as ci/cloradims. Of the orthocoilous type the following modifications deserve espe-cial remark with reference to the second and third loops; the first,or duodenal, loop is invariably right-handed, and therefore needsno further comment. I. Isoccelous.—The second and third, and, if present, also thefourth loop are all closed and
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, booksubjectbirds, bookyear1896
