. Animal physiology. Physiology, Comparative; Physiology, Comparative. 72 SKELETON OF BIRDS. organs require, is in the downward direction ; in order that, by their stroke, they may raise the bird in the air, or keep it from falling. Accordingly we find that the great mass of flesh or. Fig. 20,—Skeleton of the Vulture. muscle that puts them in action, lies on the breast-bone, the centre of which, st, is raised into a high keel or ridge for its attachment. On the oth*er hand, the muscles that raise the limb, and draw it backwards, which are attached to the blade-bone of Mammalia, and are usually
. Animal physiology. Physiology, Comparative; Physiology, Comparative. 72 SKELETON OF BIRDS. organs require, is in the downward direction ; in order that, by their stroke, they may raise the bird in the air, or keep it from falling. Accordingly we find that the great mass of flesh or. Fig. 20,—Skeleton of the Vulture. muscle that puts them in action, lies on the breast-bone, the centre of which, st, is raised into a high keel or ridge for its attachment. On the oth*er hand, the muscles that raise the limb, and draw it backwards, which are attached to the blade-bone of Mammalia, and are usually strong in them, are comparatively weak in birds, whose scapula (forming part of the side-bone) is very narrow. Moreover, in order to keep the wings properly apart, there is a very strong clavicle or collar-bone, c I, in birds; and this, though it exists in Man, and in Mammalia that use their fore-arm for other purposes than support and motion, is deficient in the greater part of those that employ it only as a leg. 89. The bones with which the wings are connected are better seen in Fig. 21 ; where o represents the narrow blade- bone;/, the clavicle or collar-bone; £, a bone that seems like a second collar-bone, being an extension of what is a mere. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Carpenter, William Benjamin, 1813-1885. London : Wm. S. Orr and Co.
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