Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . of the shouldergirdle should be reduced to a minimum as they tend toward vicioushabits of movement, but it seems questionable whether normal,economic, and graceful associations of the arm and shoulder girdlein movements like this, which have been fixed in the nervoussystem by ages of habitual coordination, should be stigmatized asvicious habits of movement because they do not aid in chestexpansion. If all arm movements are useless for gymnastic pur- GYMNASTIC MOVEMENTS ? 111 poses unless they produce chest expansion by power
Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . of the shouldergirdle should be reduced to a minimum as they tend toward vicioushabits of movement, but it seems questionable whether normal,economic, and graceful associations of the arm and shoulder girdlein movements like this, which have been fixed in the nervoussystem by ages of habitual coordination, should be stigmatized asvicious habits of movement because they do not aid in chestexpansion. If all arm movements are useless for gymnastic pur- GYMNASTIC MOVEMENTS ? 111 poses unless they produce chest expansion by powerful adductionof the scapula, it would seem wiser to restrict our choice to armmovements that naturally do this rather than to disrupt normaland useful reflexes in order to secure complete adduction of thescapula when the normal movement does not permit it. For prac-tical purposes of life a forward elevation of the arm with com-pletely adducted scapula is useless, since it produces such extremeflexion of the shoulder-joint as to make pushing, striking, or lifting. Fig. 61.—Arm raising forward. (Swedish.) dangerous to the structure of the joint; if one should strike a blowforward vigorously in this position (Fig. 61) the head of the humeruswould probably go straight back through the posterior side of thecapsule of the joint. The use of the exercise, taken in the normalway, is justified even for posture, because it shifts the balance ofthe trunk and leads the untrained pupil to tip backward at thewaist line until he is trained to maintain normal posture underchanging conditions. 112 MOVEMENTS OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT Raising Arms Forward (German, Sargent).—These are normalmovements involving no new problems except that of balance ofthe trunk, which will be discussed in a later chapter. Arm Parting (Swedish) and Swinging Arms Sideward (German,Sargent).—These are all taken from the previous exercise as astarting-point and are all normal extensions of the shoulder-joint,excepting
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