. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. HABITS OF ANOPHELES 441. Fig. 200. The common North American malarial mosquito, Anoph- eles quadrimaculatus. argyrotarsus; in Europe, A. maculipennis; in Africa, A. costalis and funesta; in India, A. culicifacies, stephensi and listoni; in Malay countries, A. umbrosus and willmori; in China and Japan, A. sinen- sis and listoni; in the East Indies, A. ludlowi; and in Australia, A. bancrofti. These species are only a few of the most widely dis- tributed and commonest of the malaria carriers. Ma
. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. HABITS OF ANOPHELES 441. Fig. 200. The common North American malarial mosquito, Anoph- eles quadrimaculatus. argyrotarsus; in Europe, A. maculipennis; in Africa, A. costalis and funesta; in India, A. culicifacies, stephensi and listoni; in Malay countries, A. umbrosus and willmori; in China and Japan, A. sinen- sis and listoni; in the East Indies, A. ludlowi; and in Australia, A. bancrofti. These species are only a few of the most widely dis- tributed and commonest of the malaria carriers. Many other spe- cies may be locally more important. Habits of Anopheles. — Be- sides the ability to nurse the parasites of malaria, an efficient malaria spreader must have habits which will insure the use of such ability. The important malaria carriers are, therefore, species which readily attack man, and especially those which are more or less " ; Nearly all species of Anopheles are active only at twilight, and forage out- doors neither in bright daylight nor in the darkness of night, though such species may bite at any hour of the day inside houses. Different species are known to come forth at different times in the evening, some with the first shade of the late afternoon, others not until almost dark. A few species, , A. braziliensis, are diurnal, and many forest species will readily bite in the day- time if disturbed. Nearly all Anopheles hibernate as adults, but a few, notably A. bifurcatus of Europe, hibernate as larvae. Anopheles may breed in almost any standing water providing it contains microscopic organisms on which to feed. Dr. Smith, of New Jersey, says he has found no pool so insignificant and no stream so rapid that Anopheles could not breed in it some- where. He says " no other mosquito has as wide a range of breeding places as have the species of ; Nevertheless, it is apparently true that each species has its favor
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