. The age of Hildebrand. depend- 1 Clairvaux is about one hundred and thirty-seven miles from Paris,on the road to Basle by Troyes. It is in the department of Aube,and the river Aube runs not far from it. The monastery is in ruins. Rapid Growth of the Cistercians. 179 ent priories, Citeaux developed by sending out inde-pendent colonies. The Abbot of Citeaux was generalabbot, but his power was limited, not only by thegeneral chapter of all the abbots and a standingcommittee, but also by the inner independence ofeach monastery. The individual monk was notbound to the Abbot of Citeaux, but to the
. The age of Hildebrand. depend- 1 Clairvaux is about one hundred and thirty-seven miles from Paris,on the road to Basle by Troyes. It is in the department of Aube,and the river Aube runs not far from it. The monastery is in ruins. Rapid Growth of the Cistercians. 179 ent priories, Citeaux developed by sending out inde-pendent colonies. The Abbot of Citeaux was generalabbot, but his power was limited, not only by thegeneral chapter of all the abbots and a standingcommittee, but also by the inner independence ofeach monastery. The individual monk was notbound to the Abbot of Citeaux, but to the abbot ofhis own monastery, until the orders of his abbotshould send him elsewhere. The extension underthis system was remarkable. Clugny never reallyextended beyond France; but Citeaux spread overall the lands of the Western Church. By its generalchapter it maintained a living interchange betweenits individual parts, created a uniform policy, andthus, within a short time, became an ecclesiasticalpower of the first CHAPTER XVII. MYSTICAL PIETY—BERNARD AND HUGO OF —NORBERT AND THE PR^MONSTRANTS. ERNARD represented not only a newtype of monastic organization, but a dis-tinct type of religious life. The devel-opment of mediaeval piety followed, onthe one hand, the line of externalism—salvation by works, penance, pilgrimage, sacraments,fastings, offerings, seclusion—every outward appli-ance by which the flesh could be mortified and theDeity propitiated. On the other hand, it pursuedthe track marked out by Augustine in the cultiva-tion of a type of religiousness which emphasized theChristian consciousness and regarded faith as a prin-ciple of life rather than as a mere assent to dogma;a principle which presupposed the direct contact ofthe soul with God, and a divine operation in the to Augustine, love, joy, trust, and strengthto overcome the world and the flesh are the elementsof religion and spring from the souls actual possessionof God in Chr
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