. Calcified tissues; proceedings. Bone; Collagen; Calcification. Hormones and Calcium Metabolism 229 Albright subsequently extended his concept to embrace both the male and female sex hormones. He pointed out, that osteoporosis was a feature of ovarian agenesis, which may be true (Turner, 1938), but claimed that it was also a feature of eunuchoidism, which is open to some doubt (Labhart and Courvoisier, 1950). Since that time, the concept that the gonadal hormones play a part in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has been questioned by many people and the present position is confusing to say the
. Calcified tissues; proceedings. Bone; Collagen; Calcification. Hormones and Calcium Metabolism 229 Albright subsequently extended his concept to embrace both the male and female sex hormones. He pointed out, that osteoporosis was a feature of ovarian agenesis, which may be true (Turner, 1938), but claimed that it was also a feature of eunuchoidism, which is open to some doubt (Labhart and Courvoisier, 1950). Since that time, the concept that the gonadal hormones play a part in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has been questioned by many people and the present position is confusing to say the least. There is no doubt that the oestrogenic hormones affect calcium metabolism. Dis- regarding their highly specific effects in birds and mice, which have no counterpart in other species, there is convincing evidence that they inhibit the resorption of meta- physeal bone in rats (Lindquist et al., 1960). In humans, there can be no doubt that a fall in bone volume occurs soon after the menopause in women and that a similar though less marked change occurs after the age of 50 in males. We (Nordin et al., in press) have found a fall in spinal density and metacarpal cortical thickness in women 5 to 10 years after the menopause and (like other workers in the field) we have seen several cases of osteoporosis following an artificial menopause. Moreover, the development of osteoporosis in the iliac crest starts at the age of about 50 (Beck and Nordin, 1960) particularly in women (Saville, 1962). On a recent visit to Africa, India, Japan, Cen- tral America and other coun- tries, I observed that spinal osteoporosis did not appear in any part of the world before middle age in either males or females after which there was a sharp rise in in- cidence in women and a less marked rise in men (Fig. 3). It is true that Donaldson and Nassim (1954) found no relation between osteo- porosis and artificial meno- pause but if one takes all the facts mto account it appears probable that reduced sex
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