. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 88 T. KATAYAMA ET AL 27 10 24 1 Xenopus laevis -Sagina crassa 13 — Anemia sa/ina Asteriax amurensis 40 54 100 1 Crassostrea giga ,,I-^ 17 _^J ' L. PI ->il ., 791 ,„ ~1 100 i- loor 1 1 Anemonia sulcata Shistosoma mansoni ^^—^^— Dugesiajaponica Planocera multitentaculata 'oliniformis mo/ini/ormis ^—^— Caenorhabditis elegans — Dicyema acuticephalum • Dic\etna oriental? Convoluta naikaiensis Henneguva sp. Triploblasts ' Beroe cucumis 451 Scvpha ciliata 100 i Arabidopsis thaliana Volvox carter! Hartmanella vermiformis • Ox\tri
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 88 T. KATAYAMA ET AL 27 10 24 1 Xenopus laevis -Sagina crassa 13 — Anemia sa/ina Asteriax amurensis 40 54 100 1 Crassostrea giga ,,I-^ 17 _^J ' L. PI ->il ., 791 ,„ ~1 100 i- loor 1 1 Anemonia sulcata Shistosoma mansoni ^^—^^— Dugesiajaponica Planocera multitentaculata 'oliniformis mo/ini/ormis ^—^— Caenorhabditis elegans — Dicyema acuticephalum • Dic\etna oriental? Convoluta naikaiensis Henneguva sp. Triploblasts ' Beroe cucumis 451 Scvpha ciliata 100 i Arabidopsis thaliana Volvox carter! Hartmanella vermiformis • Ox\triclia nova 631 ;! I Paramecium letraurelia 'Sacrcocvstis muris Theileria annulata — Crypthecodinium colmii. • Saccliaromvces cerevisiae ' FirobasiJiella neoformans Diploblasts Plants Protists Fungi 40 Figure 3. The consensus tree obtained using the maximum-parsimony algorithm with bootstrap resam- pling (DNAPARS, SEQBOOT, and CONSENSE programs of PHYLIP package, version ). showing the phylogenetic position of the dicyemids among 28 representative eukaryotic taxa. The percentage of 500 parsimony replicates is shown at the node the value is supporting. The tree was rooted by using Saccharomyces cerevisiue as an outgroup. Branch lengths are proportional to the scale given in number of substitutions (a total of 2807). This tree is different from the three most parsimonious trees in the positions of Crassostrea gigax and Molinitormis mulinil'ormis within the assemblage of the coelomate triplohlasts. authors have proposed that the dicyemids are a missing link between unicellular organisms and multicellular an- imals (Dodson, 1956; Hyman, 1959; Lapan and Morow- itz, 1974; Ohama ct a/.. 1984). while others have claimed that they are an animal group degenerated as a result of parasitism (Nouvel, 1948; McConnaughey. 1951; Stun- kard, 1954; Ginetsinskaya, 1988). The phylogenetic trees inferred from comparisons of nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNA suggested that the
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
