. American railway transportation . cars as well asunder the improve-ments in designwere necessary toproduce the com-fortable coaches ofto-day. Better ven-tilation was se-cured by raising the central half of the roof and inserting was first done in 1836, but it was several years beforethe raised roof became a feature of all passenger-cars. Theventilation thus afforded was by no means perfect, and theproblem of maintaining pure air in crowded cars has notyet been fully solved. For thirty years the jolting causedby the loose coupling of cars was a great discomfort t
. American railway transportation . cars as well asunder the improve-ments in designwere necessary toproduce the com-fortable coaches ofto-day. Better ven-tilation was se-cured by raising the central half of the roof and inserting was first done in 1836, but it was several years beforethe raised roof became a feature of all passenger-cars. Theventilation thus afforded was by no means perfect, and theproblem of maintaining pure air in crowded cars has notyet been fully solved. For thirty years the jolting causedby the loose coupling of cars was a great discomfort to trav-elers, but patentautomatic coup-;»r>, lers, of whichthere are manykinds in use, havenow obviated sleeping-car, as we know it to-day, originatedwith George M. Pullman, who built the Pioneer A in1864. Cars had been fitted up with tiers of bunks oneach side as early as 1837, but the discomforts of suchaccommodations were so great that sleeping-cars did notbecome popular until the Pullman and Wagner services5. An Early Passenger-Coach. 48 AMERICAN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION became available. The sleeping-car was soon followedby the buffet- or hotel-car, and that by drawing-room-and dining-cars. The necessity for passing from one carto another suggested the vestibuling of trains. The ideais as old as 1852, when a man by the name of Waterburydesigned a vestibuled car. Some cars were fitted up withvestibules that year, but the first vestibuled train likethose with which we are familiar was designed and builtby Pullman and was run on the Pennsylvania Railroadin 1886. The air-brake, first successfully applied to passenger-trains in 1868, was one of the most valuable of all theinventions by which the improvement of the transporta-tion service has been brought about. In 1887 the air-brake had been developed so that it was practicable touse it on freight-trains, and at the present time the lawrequires all trains in the United States to be equippedwith air-brakes by w
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