. The physiology of the domestic animals; a text-book for veterinary and medical students and practitioners. Physiology, Comparative; Domestic animals. MASTICATION. 241 forward and backward motions are possible, but are not present in as great a degree in this case as in the two preceding types of herbivora. These animals, therefore, occupy a mean between the rodents and ruminants (Fig. 92). 1. The Movements or the Jaws.—The mouth is opened by depres- sion of the lower jaw, which is effected in all animals by the digastric muscles, aided, in the horse, by the stylo-maxillary muscle, which is i
. The physiology of the domestic animals; a text-book for veterinary and medical students and practitioners. Physiology, Comparative; Domestic animals. MASTICATION. 241 forward and backward motions are possible, but are not present in as great a degree in this case as in the two preceding types of herbivora. These animals, therefore, occupy a mean between the rodents and ruminants (Fig. 92). 1. The Movements or the Jaws.—The mouth is opened by depres- sion of the lower jaw, which is effected in all animals by the digastric muscles, aided, in the horse, by the stylo-maxillary muscle, which is in . reality a short branch of the former. The lower jaw is depressed very largely by gravity; hence, in all animals we lind such a slight muscular power acting as de- pressor of the lower jaw as con- trasted with the large number of powerful muscles which pro- duce its elevation. When the mouth is opened the maxillary condyle turns on its axis and its posterior part, which, when the jaws are closed, is in con- tact, as in the horse, with the subcondyloid apophysis, leaves this surface and moves anteriorly. In carnivorous animals the condyle being fixed in a gutter-like glenoid cavity, rotation on its axis is the only motion which is Fig. 90.—Head op Horned Ruminant—Ox. (Biclard.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smith, Robert Meade, 1854-. Philadelphia and London, F. A. Davis
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