. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory, vol. 12. Botany; Botany. JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY Vol. XXIII, Plate XIII 152 Vegetation of Some Southern Provinces of Soviet Rnssia very typical and widespread association with Rhododendron and the fern Athyrium,, in which also occur: Aconitum orientale Cardamino seidlitziana Alchemilla hirsutiflora Geranium sp. Pedicularis atropurpurca Aster caucasieus Inula grandiflora Senecio platyphyllus Mulgedium abietinum Where snow has persisted low in the valley, one may see the interesting sight of neighbouring willows in various stages of development, the leas
. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory, vol. 12. Botany; Botany. JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY Vol. XXIII, Plate XIII 152 Vegetation of Some Southern Provinces of Soviet Rnssia very typical and widespread association with Rhododendron and the fern Athyrium,, in which also occur: Aconitum orientale Cardamino seidlitziana Alchemilla hirsutiflora Geranium sp. Pedicularis atropurpurca Aster caucasieus Inula grandiflora Senecio platyphyllus Mulgedium abietinum Where snow has persisted low in the valley, one may see the interesting sight of neighbouring willows in various stages of development, the least advanced having leafless twigs and young catkins on August 22nd (PL XIII, phot. 1). The melting snow had uncovered the plants but ten days or two weeks before. The adjoining willows were just leafing out, while those farther back were in full foliage. Growing at the edge of the snow and in full flower was Primula farinosa, which probably had not been uncovered more than a week. Thriving under an overhanging shelf of melting snow was the grass Colpodium caucasicum (PI. XIII, phot. 2). The dwarf 1 m. high willow is the forerunner of the upper small-tree forest of Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus orientalis and Acer trautveUeri, all low tree- shrubs at this altitude (1600 m.). A hundred metres lower, Abies nordmanniana makes its first appearance, though it climbs higher out of the valley on the neighbouring mountain slopes. Soon one is within a superb forest of giant firs which attain a trunk diameter of 2 m. and reach up to 50 m. Here again we have a striking contrast with the North Caucasus, where pine is the sole tree-forming conifer. In addition to fir on the south Caucasian slopes, there is also spruce which is lacking on the north side. The first native huts in the Nakra Valley are met at the lower edge of the Abies forest. The place is named Nakra or Naka. Here agriculture begins. Throughout Svanetia wheat is the chief agricultural product, with millet, potatoes, squash, be
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