. Ancient Egypt. Egyptology. Above) Black- topped vase n'ith in- dented rim from Xaijada. Gift of Sir Flinders Petrie. Early Xaqada. Hei^ffit 16 cm. #31467. ^tlit) Cylindrical black-tnpped vase from Abydos, Naqada II. Height #17599^). first, but became intentional because of the pleas- ing color combination that resulted. Temperature regulation was difficult in these kilns, so that over- firing occurred, producing partially melted pots, or "wasters" (fig. 2). Ceramic production became more sophisti- cated in stage III, the Naqada II, or Gerzean Period {ca. 3700-3300
. Ancient Egypt. Egyptology. Above) Black- topped vase n'ith in- dented rim from Xaijada. Gift of Sir Flinders Petrie. Early Xaqada. Hei^ffit 16 cm. #31467. ^tlit) Cylindrical black-tnpped vase from Abydos, Naqada II. Height #17599^). first, but became intentional because of the pleas- ing color combination that resulted. Temperature regulation was difficult in these kilns, so that over- firing occurred, producing partially melted pots, or "wasters" (fig. 2). Ceramic production became more sophisti- cated in stage III, the Naqada II, or Gerzean Period {ca. 3700-3300 ). Black-topped potten' contin- ued to be produced but in more comple.\ forms with constricted mouths and rolled rims (fig. 4). In addition to Nile mud a new fvpe of clav, derived from desert marls, came into use. This clav, when fired, produced a tan or buff surface that was sometimes decorated with representational and abstract designs in red paint (fig. 5). More sophisti- cated kilns were developed, and in Naqada III (stage rv) we see beginnings of mass production in rough straw-tempered wares (fig. 6). Pots some- times were marked with signs which may have indicated ownership, intended use, or place of pro- duction. The rims of some were occasionally turned on a mat or rotating base, then joined to the hand-made body of the pot. Wheel-made potten' does not appear in quantity until the Old Kingdom, with the finely made vessels of the so-called "Meydum Ware" (fig. 7). Potten' was eventually overtaken by the pro- ducers of stone vessels. Although thev occur in ear- lier periods, stone vessels were never as common as in the Gerzean (stage I) nor were they found in as manv different shapes or materials (see front cover). Even though stone vessels were made from ' hard stones such as basalt, porphm-, and granite, metal tools were not generally used to work the stones. The desired shape was roughed out with a pick and the surface smoothed down and polislied
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