. The Turk and the land of Haig; or, Turkey and Armenia: descriptive, historical, and picturesque . th high governmental and municipal offices ;but the person who secures an appointment is the onewho has the skill to acquire influence in the palace atConstantinople. If there is anything in the UnitedStates that somewhat resembles the Turkish govern-ment it is the New York Tammany Hall at its , there have been a few honorable and hiofh-mindedofficials, who conducted the affairs of the state withsome measure of efficiency ; but the general demoraliza-tion, with the basest forms of vena
. The Turk and the land of Haig; or, Turkey and Armenia: descriptive, historical, and picturesque . th high governmental and municipal offices ;but the person who secures an appointment is the onewho has the skill to acquire influence in the palace atConstantinople. If there is anything in the UnitedStates that somewhat resembles the Turkish govern-ment it is the New York Tammany Hall at its , there have been a few honorable and hiofh-mindedofficials, who conducted the affairs of the state withsome measure of efficiency ; but the general demoraliza-tion, with the basest forms of venality on one hand andcruelty and misgoverninent on the other, has becomeso widely spread that it would be really difficult tooverestimate the utter rottenness of many branches ofthe administration. As in all other governments, and perhaps to agreater degree, there is to be found much of dross andmuch that cannot be looked upon with complacency byright-minded men. Much of excellent theory is trans-formed into most corrupt practice. Good governmentcan come only through good administration. True, a. A MODERN TURKISH GENERAL. 302 THE TURK AND THE LAND OF HAIG. bad law may seriously hamper the best administration,yet a good law is of no value whatever unless well ad-ministered. A thorough cleansing of the administra-tion, with many important modifications of abusableprivileges, would do much for civilization in Turkey. AGRICULTURE AND TAXATION. At the conquest of the country now known asTurkey four main dispositions were made of theland, namely: first, miii, or Crown lands ; second,vacoiif, or pious foundations ; third, mulikaneh, orCrown grants ; and, fourth, nmek, or freehold prop-erty. The first portion, the Crown lands, con-stituted the private property of the empire ; thesecond was set aside as the exclusive property of theChurch; the third division of landed property wasgranted to the old feudal soldiers in recompense formilitary service; while the last tenure, the freeholdprop
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