The essentials of healthA text-book of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, alcohol, and narcotics . ONS. 1. Give a general description of the kidneys. 2. What is the most important ingredient taken from the bloodby the kidneys ? 3. What docs the urea represent? 4. Explain how exposure to cold affects the kidneys. 5. Give some of the effects of alcohol on the kidneys. 156 THE ESSENTIALS OF HEALTH. CHAPTER XV. THE BONES. General Description. There are two hundred and fourdistinct bones in the body. This does not include theteeth, the patella or knee-pan, and a few other bonystructures occasionally pre
The essentials of healthA text-book of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, alcohol, and narcotics . ONS. 1. Give a general description of the kidneys. 2. What is the most important ingredient taken from the bloodby the kidneys ? 3. What docs the urea represent? 4. Explain how exposure to cold affects the kidneys. 5. Give some of the effects of alcohol on the kidneys. 156 THE ESSENTIALS OF HEALTH. CHAPTER XV. THE BONES. General Description. There are two hundred and fourdistinct bones in the body. This does not include theteeth, the patella or knee-pan, and a few other bonystructures occasionally present. The bones vary greatlyin form; some are long and stout, as the femur; othersare short and small, as the bones of the hand and are flat, as many of the bones of the skull, whileothers are so irregular that it would be very difficult todescribe them. On closely examining one of the largerbones, eminences and depressions are seen. The emi-nences afford places for the attachment of muscles andtendons, while the depressions afford passages for bloodvessels, nerves, and Fig. 48. A bone with the periosteum partly peeled off. The Periosteum. A thin membrane called the perios-teum, surrounds each bone. It is composed of two lay-ers, an outer layer of firm tissue, which is simply for THE BONES. 157 support and protection, and an inner layer of inner layer is essential to the life of the bone, andits cells are even capable offorming new bone. In caseswhere it is necessary to re-move a portion of a bone,the surgeon avails himself ofthis fact. He simply peelsback the membrane, removesthe injured bone, and thusleaves the periosteum tomake new bone. The periosteum is wellsupplied with blood vessels,some of which pass directlyinto the bone through mi-nute openings on the of these openings canbe seen on any bone fromwhich the periosteum hasbeen removed. Compact and Cancellous Tis-sue. If one of the long bonesof any animal be sawedlengthwise, it
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, booksubjectphysiology, bookyear1
