Mediaeval and modern history . an independent temporalsovereign. They contend that only through the possession oftemporal power can the Pope be secure in his independenceas the spiritual headof Catholic Chris-tendom. They de-mand, therefore, theretrocession to theholy see of at leastthe city of Rome,— maintaining thateither Turin orFlorence or Veniceor Naples wouldserve as well asRome for the seatof the Italian gov-ernment. To these censuresand demands ofthe papal party thefriends of the mon-archy reply that theextension of theauthority of theItalian government over Rome and the papal territor
Mediaeval and modern history . an independent temporalsovereign. They contend that only through the possession oftemporal power can the Pope be secure in his independenceas the spiritual headof Catholic Chris-tendom. They de-mand, therefore, theretrocession to theholy see of at leastthe city of Rome,— maintaining thateither Turin orFlorence or Veniceor Naples wouldserve as well asRome for the seatof the Italian gov-ernment. To these censuresand demands ofthe papal party thefriends of the mon-archy reply that theextension of theauthority of theItalian government over Rome and the papal territories was justi-fied by the modern principle of nationality, which recognizes inevery people the right to choose their form of government and toshape their own destiny. As to the removal of the seat of theItahan government from Rome to some other city of the penin-sula, they maintain that the force of unique historical associations,and race traditions and memories, make Rome the logical andinevitable capital of a united Fig. 105. Pope Pius ) (From a 6^2 LIBERATION AND UNIFICATION OF ITALY The long and heated controversy has had .lamentable conse-quences for Italy. It has called into existence two bitterlyhostile parties; it has hampered the Italian government inmany of its policies of reform; and at different times it haseven imperiled the very existence of the monarchy. 700. Doubtful National Policies; Reform and Progress. — Otherthings have concurred with the antagonism between the Vaticanand the Quirinal to retard Italys progress under the new these hindrances may be reckoned an ill-advised colonialpolicy (sec. 738, n. 19) and an unfortunate yet natural ambitionto play the role of a great European power, both of which havecaused the government to neglect domestic concerns and to burdenthe country with the maintenance of an army and a navy altogetherdisproportioned to its needs and to its strength. Yet, notwithstanding these hindrances to na
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