A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . se twoextremes. Natural cement, because cheaper than Portland, is especiallyadapted for foundations and filHng which are not subject to stress or towear. Puzzolan cement is also suitable in many instances. The Weston Aqueduct of the Metropolitan Water Works, Massachu-setts, built on a gradient of one in 5 000, has in loose earth a typical sectionshown in Fig. 221. In compact earth the excavation is narrower, andthe width of base is reduced as shown by one or the oth
A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . se twoextremes. Natural cement, because cheaper than Portland, is especiallyadapted for foundations and filHng which are not subject to stress or towear. Puzzolan cement is also suitable in many instances. The Weston Aqueduct of the Metropolitan Water Works, Massachu-setts, built on a gradient of one in 5 000, has in loose earth a typical sectionshown in Fig. 221. In compact earth the excavation is narrower, andthe width of base is reduced as shown by one or the other of the dottedlines, AB or CB. In embankment, the foundation is carried lower andhorizontal reinforcing rods are sometimes placed at inten^als just belowthe brick invert lining. ?Earth pressure on conduits is discussed on page 693. CONDUITS AND TUNNELS 683 In the Chicago Clearing Yards* drainage is accomplished by concretesewers. The 36-inch and 42-inch diameter mains are 8 inches thick,the 48-inch diameter are 10 inches thick, andthe 84 and 90-inch mains, LOCATION OF LEADWATER-STOPS AT•JOINTS BETWEENSECTIONS OF Fig. 221. — Typical Section of Weston Aqueduct in Loose Earth. {See 12 inches thick. The ring in each size is of uniform thickness, andthe lower portions of the interior surface are covered with a ^-inch coat ofplaster. In large concrete conduits, even when of circular shape, and passingthrough material which needs no foundation, it is good practice, whetheror not reinforcement is employed, to thicken the walls at the spring of thearch. At Williamsport, Pennsylvania, a ii-foot concrete sewer, suggestedas a possible substitute for a 4-ringed brick sewer, was designed 13 inchesthick at the crown and invert, and 19J inches thick at the haunches withno reinforcement. The Jersey City Water Supply Company constructed in 1903 a conduitreinforced with twisted steel. A typical section, taken through a manhole,is shown in Fig. 222, as designed by Mr. William B.
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