[Frost and fire : natural engines, tool-marks and chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller] . ger heaps which fall from the sky, andspread their bases over great tracts of country. Supedledals glacier is a small local ice system, detachedfrom the larger system, whose broken edge is seen against theblue sky above it. From the Col de Geant a wide view of the Alpiue localsystem is got. It has been mapped and described by ablepens, and it consists of a series of high centres, from which icestreams radiate, as rivers do from Highland hills. In Scan-dinavia and in Iceland the pr
[Frost and fire : natural engines, tool-marks and chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller] . ger heaps which fall from the sky, andspread their bases over great tracts of country. Supedledals glacier is a small local ice system, detachedfrom the larger system, whose broken edge is seen against theblue sky above it. From the Col de Geant a wide view of the Alpiue localsystem is got. It has been mapped and described by ablepens, and it consists of a series of high centres, from which icestreams radiate, as rivers do from Highland hills. In Scan-dinavia and in Iceland the principle is the same. The dimen-sions and details of the engine differ; but wherever there is amountain or mountain-chain high enough to pierce the shellof temperature which freezes water, there the solid edge of thewater-wheel comes down and grinds rock. Snow falls, a heapforms, river glaciers stream from the base, and the grindingwork done is the tool-mark of land-ice driven by heat andweight. The marks of this tool are stars or portions of stars,or marks like rafters in a roof when the system is on a CHAPTEE XV. DENUDATION 7—FROST-MAKKS 5—LAND-ICE 4—SOUTHERNNORWAY—RIYER-GLACIERS. The next ice-tool is the Eiver-glacier. It is the equivalentof the stream in the wax model, and large specimens aboundin the Alps. For example, the dome of Mont Blanc, 14,760feet high, with a temperature of 26°, is a high cold centrefrom which glaciers slide into hollows, and diverge, likeflowing rivers. Of these, the Mer de Glace is the biggest andbest knoAvn ; and the rest of the system which springs fromMont Blanc is familiar to Alpine travellers. Justedals glaciers, in the Bergen district, are nearer toEngland, and good specimens. They are less known, so thefollowing extract from a journal of a trip to visit them isquoted :—* Wednesday, Sept. 2d 1857.—Landed at Eoneidet aboutthree, and after getting food from its hospitable inhabitants,set off at four with a boy, and a horse
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