. England, from earliest times to the Great Charter . which King John took sides with the may be, however, that we should rather date the commence-ment of Cambridge as a university, as distinct from a teachingcentre, from 1229, when Henry III offered a reft^e place tothe scholars of Paris who had been driven from that city. Besides the development of these two universities, it must be remembered that the twelfth century was notable for the opening of many grammar schools throughout the land. We thus see that not only were men eager for knowledge, as is evidenced by the output of I^


. England, from earliest times to the Great Charter . which King John took sides with the may be, however, that we should rather date the commence-ment of Cambridge as a university, as distinct from a teachingcentre, from 1229, when Henry III offered a reft^e place tothe scholars of Paris who had been driven from that city. Besides the development of these two universities, it must be remembered that the twelfth century was notable for the opening of many grammar schools throughout the land. We thus see that not only were men eager for knowledge, as is evidenced by the output of I^atin literature and the form of that literature; they were also, particularly toward the end of our period, able to gaiu that knowledge in their own land. ^ Mr Hastings Rashdall, in his Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, awork we are relying upon largely in our account of the University movement,suggests that Vacarius did not teach at Oxford, but in the palace of Theobald,Archbishop of Canterbury, at whose invitation he came to England. 374. Plate XXXVIII St Johns Chapei,, Tower of London 374 THE MIDDLE AGE When we think of these changes and of the Saxon period, wesay again it was a good thing for England that William wasthe conqueror and not the conquered. Architecture The growth of literature and learning was a silent growth,not too evident to the men of that period, thrusting itself inno manner upon the attention ofthe average man of the day. Inanother direction, however, inarchitecture, a change was spread-ing over the face of Englandwhich was apparent to every one,which symbolized in a sense thestrong, resolute Norman charac-ter—linked, as it now was, withFrankish grace and Saxon Stubbs had a saying thatthe Norman brought little incomparison with what he de-stroyed and little that he broughtwas his own. Whether thiswide statement may stand inregard to constitutional law orlegal history is a matter ofopinion, and the learned Bishopsopinion is entitled to


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