Nature and development of plants . , section of flower,the pistil being composed of three carpels and the inner bracts adnate tothe ovary. E, fruit of oak, the cup consisting of the modified outer bractsshown in C and D and the nut has developed from the ovary and one ofts ovules. Fig. 300. Flower and fruit of the beech (Fagns), order Fagales: A,pistillate inflorescence, the three-lobed stigmas projecting beyond thebracts. B, section of the inflorescence—pr, inner bracts or perianth sur-rounded by an outer spiny set. C, the fruit, the outer bracts of B havebecome hard and spiny and are splitti
Nature and development of plants . , section of flower,the pistil being composed of three carpels and the inner bracts adnate tothe ovary. E, fruit of oak, the cup consisting of the modified outer bractsshown in C and D and the nut has developed from the ovary and one ofts ovules. Fig. 300. Flower and fruit of the beech (Fagns), order Fagales: A,pistillate inflorescence, the three-lobed stigmas projecting beyond thebracts. B, section of the inflorescence—pr, inner bracts or perianth sur-rounded by an outer spiny set. C, the fruit, the outer bracts of B havebecome hard and spiny and are splitting into four valves, exposing thethree-angled nuts. 402 JUGLANDALES—URTICALES which serves to catch the spores when no winds are stirringand thus prevent their falling to the ground. 140. Other Tree Orders Suggestive of the Fagales.—Closelyallied to the Fagales is the order of the walnuts, Juglandales,including the black walnut and butternut (Juglans) and the hick-ories (Hicoria, Fig. 301). These trees are of very common. Fig. 301. Flower and fruit of the Juglandales: A, inflorescence of but-ternut—s, staminate ament; p, pistillate inflorescence. The butternut andblack walnut (Juglans) may be recognized by the chambered pith, asshown at bottom of twig. B, section of a pistillate flower—pr, perianthadnate to the two carpels composing the pistil; s, stigma. C, fruit ofhickory, the outer part of ovary wall splitting into four valves and ex-posing the hard inner part, the shell of the nut. occurrence in the northern United States and characterized bytheir aromatic oils and large compound leaves. The flowers arevery similar in structure and arrangement to those of the beechorder, but at maturity the outer part of the wall of the ovarybecomes transformed into a fleshy rind and the inner portionforms a hard shell. In the walnut this pulpy, aromatic rind DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 403 about the nut is finally destroyed by decay, while in the hickoriesthe rind becomes leathery
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