. Railroad construction. Theory and practice . 3NZAN0 (To face page 25G) 246, RAIL-FASTENINGS, 257 Another unsettled detail is the use of shoulders^ on theupper surface. On the one hand it is claimed that the use ofshoulders relieves the spikes of side pressure from the rail andprevents necking*^ On the other hand it is claimed that if the

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