. Cassell's natural history. Animals; Animal behavior. NATUBAL HJSTOJRT. The bodies of the vertebras in most of the adults are concave in front and rounded behind (pro- ccelous), with the exception of the eighth, or pre-sacval, which is amphiccelous, and the ninth, or sacral, which has commonly one convexity in front and two behind. The vertebrae in front of the sacrum are never more than nine, and the tail part is in the form of a bony style, with two rounded arches. The vertebrae are opisthocoelous, or hollow behind, in the genera Pipa and Bombinator; and in these, as in all other Amphibia,
. Cassell's natural history. Animals; Animal behavior. NATUBAL HJSTOJRT. The bodies of the vertebras in most of the adults are concave in front and rounded behind (pro- ccelous), with the exception of the eighth, or pre-sacval, which is amphiccelous, and the ninth, or sacral, which has commonly one convexity in front and two behind. The vertebrae in front of the sacrum are never more than nine, and the tail part is in the form of a bony style, with two rounded arches. The vertebrae are opisthocoelous, or hollow behind, in the genera Pipa and Bombinator; and in these, as in all other Amphibia, the bodies and inter-vertebral substances contain more or less distinct remains of the notochord. A sacral vertebra always exists, and its transverse process, and those of the vertebrae in front and behind, with which it is anchylosed, are large and usually expanded. The shoulder-girdle consists of, in the Frog, for instance, the shoulder-blade (in two movable pieces), the collar-bone, and the coi-acoid bone, and all these combine to form the joint cavity for the humerus. The collar- bone is connected with its fellow of the other side at the median line of the body, and the broader and larger coracoid meets its fellow also. The sternum consists of several pieces which extend from the front, anterior to the collar bones, to well behind the cora- coids, whei-e it ends in a broad cartilage. The front part is formed by the episteruum. There are no ribs. As the fore limbs are not of the impor- tance of the hinder, the humerus is small, short, thick, and has almost a globular sur- face for the articulation of the bones of the fore arm. These are united in one. The wrist bones are six in number, and support four metacarpal bones, and the index and middle fingers have two phalanges each, and the others three. The thumb is small and rudimentary. The bones of the well-developed pelvis present considerable diflerences in the various genera. Thus, in the Frogs (Rana), and the Tree Frogs (H
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