. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Wasps of Jackson Hole • Evans 467 SPIDERS MIDGES. MOTHS CATERP ILLARS GRASSHOPPERS LEAFBUGS STINKBUGS LEAFHOPPERS TREEHOPPERS APH IDS BEETLE LARVAE WEEVILS OTHER FLIES AS ILID FLIES BEEFLIES CONOP ID FLIES MILTOGRAMMINE FLIES CHNEUMONS CUCKOO WASPS BEES ANTS Text-figure 2. Diagrammatic representation of some of food relationships of wasps and their prey and parasites at Jackson Hole. Direction of arrow indicates direction of predatory or parasitic relationship (for energy flow, read arrows backward). enemies ameliorat
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Wasps of Jackson Hole • Evans 467 SPIDERS MIDGES. MOTHS CATERP ILLARS GRASSHOPPERS LEAFBUGS STINKBUGS LEAFHOPPERS TREEHOPPERS APH IDS BEETLE LARVAE WEEVILS OTHER FLIES AS ILID FLIES BEEFLIES CONOP ID FLIES MILTOGRAMMINE FLIES CHNEUMONS CUCKOO WASPS BEES ANTS Text-figure 2. Diagrammatic representation of some of food relationships of wasps and their prey and parasites at Jackson Hole. Direction of arrow indicates direction of predatory or parasitic relationship (for energy flow, read arrows backward). enemies ameliorates the intensity of com- petition for space; that is, many populations may be kept at levels sufficiently low that they do not fill all suitable nesting areas. At the same time, the need for bare, friable soil restricts many of these wasps to areas of loess or alluvium and thus pushes many species into close proximity. In these re- stricted areas, the build-up of non-specific parasites may play a major role in permit- ting such a diversity of species to co-exist (see, , Paine, 1966). I have attempted to delineate a few of the food relationships in the areas of study in Text-figure 2. Obviously, the arthropods used as prey by the wasps have other natural enemies, some of them in them- selves serving as prey for wasps. The common orb-weaving spider Araneus pata- giatus, for example, is the major prey of Episyron quinquenotatus, but itself preys on the small flies that provide the major prey of Oxybelus and Crossocerus. Thus an increase in the population of Episyron might permit an increase in the species of the latter two genera. The Ichneumonidae preyed upon by Philanthus zebratus are parasites of cateq}illars, some of which may serve as prey of Ammophila and other wasps. Thus a high population of Philanthus might favor such a wasp as Ammophila azteca—except that, ironically, P. zebratus also preys directly upon Am- mophila. P. pulcher preys upon cuckoo wasps to some ext
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