. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography Reprinted from THE MIAMIAN, January, I968 37. Scientists Aid Weekend Sailors By HARRIS B. STEWART, Jr., Director ESSA's Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories When John Cabot sailed along the Florida coast in 1497, in all proba- bility he was the first white man to see this lush, green shore, and he certainly had no chart. In the six- teenth century, "La Florida" began to show up on the maps of the great European cartographers. For the follow
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography Reprinted from THE MIAMIAN, January, I968 37. Scientists Aid Weekend Sailors By HARRIS B. STEWART, Jr., Director ESSA's Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories When John Cabot sailed along the Florida coast in 1497, in all proba- bility he was the first white man to see this lush, green shore, and he certainly had no chart. In the six- teenth century, "La Florida" began to show up on the maps of the great European cartographers. For the following two centuries there was a gradual improvement in the nautical charts of the Florida coast, but the groundwork for the modern nautical chart was really laid when in 1807 the government established the Coast Survey (now the Coast and Geodetic Survey of ESSA, De- partment of Commerce) to undertake a survey of the coasts of the new nation. The first precise nautical charting surveys of the East Coast were not started until 1832, and it was another 30 years before the first good charts of the Florida Coast were made. The original copper plate from which the Coast Survey's 1863 chart of the east coast of southern Florida and the Bahama banks was printed has recently come to Miami and hangs in my office along with other old charts of the Florida coast. The nautical chart is published to enable both commercial shipping and pleasure boat operators to navigate safely. A lot of p r e c i s e work and accurate surveying goes into these charts. Today's nautical chart in- volves tidal measurements so the soundings can be reduced to a com- mon reference level, aerial photogra- phy for shoreline delineation and ad- ditional geodetic control, establish- ment of shore points for navigational control of offshore survey launches or larger survey vessels, and of course, the actual sounding launch or ship operations to determine the depth of the water. Then there are hours and hours of
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