Examination of the urine; a manual for students and practitioners . ing this instrumentas with the urinometer, and, in addi-tion, the flask must be dry and per-fectly clean (washed with alcohol orether). The urine must be poured inaccurately with a small dropper untilit reaches the mark, so that the lowermeniscus touches it as the flask isheld at the level of the eye. Theurinopyknometer is of special value incases in which very small amounts arefurnished for analysis, as in infants, incatheterizing the ureters, and in emer-gency work,1 when but small quantitiesare voided by the patient. Pathol
Examination of the urine; a manual for students and practitioners . ing this instrumentas with the urinometer, and, in addi-tion, the flask must be dry and per-fectly clean (washed with alcohol orether). The urine must be poured inaccurately with a small dropper untilit reaches the mark, so that the lowermeniscus touches it as the flask isheld at the level of the eye. Theurinopyknometer is of special value incases in which very small amounts arefurnished for analysis, as in infants, incatheterizing the ureters, and in emer-gency work,1 when but small quantitiesare voided by the patient. Pathologic urines often show anincrease or a diminution in specificgravity, but inasmuch as the lattervaries normally to a considerable ex-tent with the quality of meals, theamount of exercise, etc., an abnormalspecific gravity is of value only when obtained from atwenty-four-hour specimen the volume of which is known. The specific gravity is increased in the beginning ofacute fever, after prolonged surgical operations, especially1 New York Med. Journal, Oct. 17, Fig. 5.—The authorsurinopyknometer. 46 EXAMINATION OF THE URINE with ether anesthesia, on account of the hemorrhage andthe perspiration, in acute Brights disease in its early stages,and in other conditions accompanied by blood in the the presence of large amounts of sugar in diabetes thespecific gravity may be very high and sometimes reaches1050. When a large amount of urine is passed of a highspecific gravity we suspect diabetes, but absence of sugarmust not be inferred from a low specific gravity. A diminished specific gravity occurs in diabetes insipidus,in hysteria, and in chronic interstitial nephritis. In allforms of Brights disease, except in the acute in its firststage, and in stasis in the kidneys of heart disease, there isa tendency toward a lower specific gravity as well as a les-sened percentage of urea. If no albumin and no sugar bepresent, the rule is that a lower specific gravity usuallymeans
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