. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. iinciple and crudeness. The revolving vane,the first form of which was invented by Hoffhein (1852), finallybecame established as the most advantageous method. The reaper was virtually perfected by 1865, but in the UnitedStates other forms of harvesting machines soon entirely sup-planted it in cutting wheat. It is widely used in Europe at HARVESTING 87 the present time, especially in Russia and France, and nearlyail machines of this kind manufactured in the United States aresold abroad. A reaping attachment is
. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. iinciple and crudeness. The revolving vane,the first form of which was invented by Hoffhein (1852), finallybecame established as the most advantageous method. The reaper was virtually perfected by 1865, but in the UnitedStates other forms of harvesting machines soon entirely sup-planted it in cutting wheat. It is widely used in Europe at HARVESTING 87 the present time, especially in Russia and France, and nearlyail machines of this kind manufactured in the United States aresold abroad. A reaping attachment is often used with a binderto drop the grain in bunches, and it is also widely used with amower by small farmers in Europe. The Self-Binding Harvester.—All machines which deliver thegrain bound in sheaves, whether it is bound automatically orotherwise, are considered as binders. The reaper cut and col-lected the grain. This is only a part of the harvesting prob-lem, and before this part was fairly solved, inventions beganto appear seeking by means of an automatic binder to do away. A MODERN SELF-BINDING HARVESTER with the slow and laborious process of hand binding. In thecase of the binder, discovery and invention must both becredited to the United States. Better economic and social con-ditions, dearer and scarcer labor, and moie level and extensivegrain fields were the conditions that made all agricultural ma-chinery very profitable in the United States, and caused thiscountry to outstrip England in the development of harvestingmachinery. Binders have been divided into two classes: Those in whichthe binding device is attached to a machine of the self-rakepattern, called the *low-down class; and those in which thegrain is elevated to the binder. Stiaw, metal strips, wire and OO THE BOOK OF WHEAT twine were the four types of band with which experiments weremade. Some machines carried an attendant to do the binding;others required an attendant to aid in this; others weie auto-mat
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