. International record of medicine . July 2, 1892.] KAMMERER: THE TREATMENT OF URETERAL FISTULA. 9 In looking over a large number of prescriptions fromthe work of others in various directions, I have observedthat in many cases the ideas I have delineated above havenot been followed. I have frequently known prescribed suchan axis as 155° in the one eye, while the axis in the otherwas not in correspondence. I have even seen prescriptionsin which the axis was written as occurring in the intervalsof a degree; for example, 1205°. I believe such axes tobe wrong. The rules that I have formulated for
. International record of medicine . July 2, 1892.] KAMMERER: THE TREATMENT OF URETERAL FISTULA. 9 In looking over a large number of prescriptions fromthe work of others in various directions, I have observedthat in many cases the ideas I have delineated above havenot been followed. I have frequently known prescribed suchan axis as 155° in the one eye, while the axis in the otherwas not in correspondence. I have even seen prescriptionsin which the axis was written as occurring in the intervalsof a degree; for example, 1205°. I believe such axes tobe wrong. The rules that I have formulated for the axes p p of astigmatism assist me greatly in finding the axes withrapidity and precision, and I am accustomed also to useretinoscopy first in examination. For example, if the courseof the shadow be slightly from the vertical, I suspect 15°or 165°, as the case may be. If further from the vertical,I suspect 135° or 45°. If it be just off the horizontal, Isuspect or 105° or 75°. This method of examination, together with the rules Ihave framed for myself, assist me materially in the func-tional examination, and therefore I lose no time in wander-ing around the circle. Of course, I do not rely altogetherupon retinoscopy, and I do not force the patient to acceptthe axes which my retinoscope suggests, but I place thecylinder in the^osstftZe positions for his error, and regard theresult on the test-cards as tlie experimentum crucis. I havenot used the ophthalmometer for the detection of astigma-tism and its axes as much as I have used retinoscopy, but whenever I have used it 1 have found it to g
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