. A text-book of physiology : for medical students and physicians . Fig. 179.—Diagram to show the posi-tion of the semicircular canals in the headof the bird. On each side it will be seenthat the three canals lie in planes at rightangles to one another. The external orhorizontal canals (E) of the two sides liein the same plane. The anterior canal ofone side (A) lies in a plane parallel to thatof the posterior canal (P) of the other side(Eiuald). SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AND THE VESTIBULE. 405 Flourenss Experiments upon the Semicircular Canals.— Modern experiments and theories concerning the functio
. A text-book of physiology : for medical students and physicians . Fig. 179.—Diagram to show the posi-tion of the semicircular canals in the headof the bird. On each side it will be seenthat the three canals lie in planes at rightangles to one another. The external orhorizontal canals (E) of the two sides liein the same plane. The anterior canal ofone side (A) lies in a plane parallel to thatof the posterior canal (P) of the other side(Eiuald). SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AND THE VESTIBULE. 405 Flourenss Experiments upon the Semicircular Canals.— Modern experiments and theories concerning the functions of thesemicircular canal date from the classical researches of Flourens*(1824). This investigator laid bare the canals in birds and mam-mals and studied the effects of sections of one or more of experiments have since been repeated by numerous observers,. Fig. 180.—Dissection to show the position of the three semicircular canals in the pigeonand the relations of their ampullary ends (from preparation made by Dr. Esther Rosen-crantzl. and the results obtained have been described in great detail, for anaccount of which reference must be made to original Ingeneral, it may be said that injuries to the canals are followed bycertain more or less definite movements of the head, eyes, and body,and by a disturbance in the power of the animal to co-ordinate nor-mally the muscles used in standing, locomotion, or flying. Thecharacter and extent of these results vary with the number ofcanals injured, and, indeed, show a more or less definite relationship * Flourens, Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctionsdu systeme nerveux, second edition, 1842. f The literature of the semicircular canals and the vestibule is very ex-tensive. The complete bibliography may be obtained from the followingsources : Die Lehren von den F
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