. Brigham Young University science bulletin. Biology -- Periodicals. 14 BnicHAM Young University Science Bulletin along the slopes and on moraines and allnvinni in the valleys. The tree species above about 5000 feet in elevation are limited to spruce and alpine fir. The trees take on a kniminholz ap- pearance, spreading out horizontally along the slopes above the tree phases more typical of the forest at lower elevation (Figs. 15 and 16). The krummholz type occurs in patches to several acres in extent, mostly above areas affected by glacier ice, and it seems probable that some of these may hav
. Brigham Young University science bulletin. Biology -- Periodicals. 14 BnicHAM Young University Science Bulletin along the slopes and on moraines and allnvinni in the valleys. The tree species above about 5000 feet in elevation are limited to spruce and alpine fir. The trees take on a kniminholz ap- pearance, spreading out horizontally along the slopes above the tree phases more typical of the forest at lower elevation (Figs. 15 and 16). The krummholz type occurs in patches to several acres in extent, mostly above areas affected by glacier ice, and it seems probable that some of these may have persisted throughout the Pleisto- cene glaciation and have provided propagules for reforestation of the valleys following the retreat of glaciers. The knmimholz interfingers upwards with alpine timdra (Figs. 17, 18, 19, and 20). In its upper limits, the alpine fir krummholz grows with Plit/Uodoce empetri- formis, P. glatululiflora, and Cassiope ietragona. Alpine Tundra Alpine timdra is well developed in the moun- tains of northern British Columbia. On alpine slopes and rounded ridge tops the tundra is dominated by Dnjas integrifolia, Festuca aJtaica, Carex sp., Cassiope tetragumi, Salix arctica, S. glauca, S. reticulata, and S. stolonifeni (Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25). On ridges, beghming at about 6000 feet elevation, and steep slopes up- wards from that elevation, the tundra consists of sparse vegetation, dominated bv clumps of Drijas integrifolia, PotentiJhi diversifolia, P. Inj- parctica, P. uniflora, Lupinus arcticus, Oxijtropis campestris, Luzula confusa, L. nivalis, and Carex sp. (Figs. 26, 27, and 28). In some areas the bearberry, Arctostaplujios alpina is present near the upper limits of alpine tundra. Between 6000 and 7000 feet elevation, the open spaces between plants on rock outcrops and roc-kv ridge crests, crustose lichens fonn the most abundant plant cover (Figs. 29, 30, 31). These semibarren lichen dominated lands are herein called fell fields. Important spec
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