. Elements of comparative zoology. Zoology. MAMMALS. 385 later, three-toed forms as large as a donkey. In domesti- cation horses vary extremely in size as in other respects. Lowest of the artiodactyls, or even-toed ungulates, come the two species of hippopotamus, in which there are four toes, large canine teeth, and a huge, clumsy body, some- times fourteen feet in length. In the pigs the canines are still large, and the toes are four in number, but the outer ones are lifted above the ground so that they are useless as organs of locomotion. Our domestic swine have descended from the wild boars
. Elements of comparative zoology. Zoology. MAMMALS. 385 later, three-toed forms as large as a donkey. In domesti- cation horses vary extremely in size as in other respects. Lowest of the artiodactyls, or even-toed ungulates, come the two species of hippopotamus, in which there are four toes, large canine teeth, and a huge, clumsy body, some- times fourteen feet in length. In the pigs the canines are still large, and the toes are four in number, but the outer ones are lifted above the ground so that they are useless as organs of locomotion. Our domestic swine have descended from the wild boars of Europe. In the warmer parts of America the peccaries represent the group. The hippopotamus and the pigs have the axis of the foot passing up between the middle toes; in other words, they have cloven hoofs. In all other artiodactvls the */ cloven hoof occurs, and be- sides, they chew the cud, and hence they are asso- ciated as a group of rumi- nants. The stomach is di- vided into four chambers, and when a cow, for instance, feeds, it swallows the grass without chewing it. It passes down to the first stomach and thence to the second. In these it becomes mixed with digestive fluids and softened. It is then brought up in the mouth, thoroughly chewed, and again swallowed. This time it passes into the third stomach, and from this into the fourth, and so into the intestine. To the ruminants belong the most valuable domesti- cated animals. In South America are found the llamas and alpacas, which were the cattle and beasts of burden. FIG. 171.—Diagram of the stomach of a ruminant. The dotted line shows the course of the Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Kingsley, J. S. (John Sterling), 1854-1929. New York, H. Holt and Company
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