. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. s^^'^rwu. Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER October 25, 1920 CLOVER STEM-BORER AS AN ALFALFA PEST. By V. L. WiLDERMUTH, Entomologicttl Assistant, and F. H. Gates, Sdentijk Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 Early history 1 Distribution 2 Food plants 3 Economic importance of theinsect to alfalfa and clover 4 Description 5 Literatiu-e cited. Page. Life history and habits 6 Seasonal liistory 16 Rearing methods 18 Natural enemies 19 Control measures 21 Summary 24 24 INTRODUCTION. The c
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. s^^'^rwu. Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER October 25, 1920 CLOVER STEM-BORER AS AN ALFALFA PEST. By V. L. WiLDERMUTH, Entomologicttl Assistant, and F. H. Gates, Sdentijk Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 Early history 1 Distribution 2 Food plants 3 Economic importance of theinsect to alfalfa and clover 4 Description 5 Literatiu-e cited. Page. Life history and habits 6 Seasonal liistory 16 Rearing methods 18 Natural enemies 19 Control measures 21 Summary 24 24 INTRODUCTION. The clover stem-borer (fig. 1) {Languria mozardi Latr.) has been known for a great many years, and is often briefly referred to in Hteratm-e as a pest of red and mammoth clovers. In 1909 Prof. J. W. Folsom (16)' recorded many important facts regarding its life his- tory and habits as an enemy of clover. The larvae or yomig subsist upon the pith eaten from the center of the clover stems. During recent years, especially in the southwestern semiarid and irrigated regions, the beetle has been discovered feeding upon aKalfa {Medicago sativa) and has become a pest of considerable importance to alfalfa culture. The young borer, as in the case of clover injury, eats the center of an alfalfa stem and causes it to become woody and possibly to break oflf and lodge. The present paper is a complete account of the life history and habits of the insect as an enemy to alfalfa cultiu-e as well as a discussion of methods of controlling the pest. EARLY fflSTORY. The clover stem-borer is distinctly a native of America, not being listed in European catalogues. The earliest record of it is in 1S07, ' Figures in parenthesis refer to "Literature cited," p. 24. 180607. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original United Stat
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