. The Compleat cladist : a primer of phylogenetic procedures. Cladistic analysis; Zoology -- Classification; Phylogeny. Fig. —Tree for transformation series 3 and 4 (Example ). 3. Finally, TS 5, 6, and 7 imply that M and N form a monophyletic group (Fig. ). X o N M. Fig. —Tree for transformation series 5,6, and 7 (Example ). 4. At this point you should suspect that something has gone wrong. TS 3 and 4 imply a monophyletic group that includes N and O but excludes M, whereas TS 5-7 imply a monophyletic group that includes M and N but excludes O. There must be a mistake, because
. The Compleat cladist : a primer of phylogenetic procedures. Cladistic analysis; Zoology -- Classification; Phylogeny. Fig. —Tree for transformation series 3 and 4 (Example ). 3. Finally, TS 5, 6, and 7 imply that M and N form a monophyletic group (Fig. ). X o N M. Fig. —Tree for transformation series 5,6, and 7 (Example ). 4. At this point you should suspect that something has gone wrong. TS 3 and 4 imply a monophyletic group that includes N and O but excludes M, whereas TS 5-7 imply a monophyletic group that includes M and N but excludes O. There must be a mistake, because we have violated the inclusion/exclusion rule. In such a situation, we invoke another important principle of phylogenetic analysis: there is only one true phylogeny. Thus, one of our groupings must be wrong, (hi fact, they might both be wrong, but the Auxiliary Principle keeps us going until such time that we demonstrate that both are wrong.) In this situation, we are faced with two logically incompatible trees (Fig. ). Note that there is some congruence because both trees have the apomorphies of the first two transformation Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Wiley, E. O. Lawrence, Kan. : Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas
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