Teaching elementary school subjects . strated by the Courtis Practice Tests[3]. In Lesson 9 of the arithmetic tests, for example, ad-vanced sixth-grade pupils are expected to learn to do cor-rectly forty-six subtraction examples similar to the following,in four minutes: 146 91 109 57 123 96 44 35 18 60 Cards are passed to pupils with the examples printed onthem; all pupils are to begin at exactly the same time and tostop at exactly the end of four minutes. By using this testa teacher may know the degree to which her teaching hasbeen effective in subtraction, and each pupil may know howmuch he


Teaching elementary school subjects . strated by the Courtis Practice Tests[3]. In Lesson 9 of the arithmetic tests, for example, ad-vanced sixth-grade pupils are expected to learn to do cor-rectly forty-six subtraction examples similar to the following,in four minutes: 146 91 109 57 123 96 44 35 18 60 Cards are passed to pupils with the examples printed onthem; all pupils are to begin at exactly the same time and tostop at exactly the end of four minutes. By using this testa teacher may know the degree to which her teaching hasbeen effective in subtraction, and each pupil may know howmuch he ought to improve by practice, as compared withother teachers and pupils in many places. These same testsare made available for other grades by a graduated timeallowance. One teachers experience in using this test isshown in Figures XIII and XIV, pages 528 and 529. What Is a Measuring-Scale ?—A scale for measuring is aUst of samples of known quality so arranged that they aregraduated as to excellence. Such scales are derived by hav-. Two classes of the experimcnlal school concluded on the campus of thePennsylvania State College


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