. Annals of hygiene. 6. Flexion. forced muscular contractions, for whichthere are various apparatus, and wherebythe nutrition of the muscles is is also necessary to balance our bodyright. Tissot in France, and Ling inSweden, established gymnastic exercisesfor the treatment of certain diseases. The voluntary muscles classified byby their actions are : THE ANNALS OF HYGIENE. 237 1. Abductor muscles, whereby the ex-tremities are drawn from the middle lineof the body. 2. Adductor muscles, which carry thelimbs to the middle line of the body. 3. Attraction muscles, whereby wemove the par
. Annals of hygiene. 6. Flexion. forced muscular contractions, for whichthere are various apparatus, and wherebythe nutrition of the muscles is is also necessary to balance our bodyright. Tissot in France, and Ling inSweden, established gymnastic exercisesfor the treatment of certain diseases. The voluntary muscles classified byby their actions are : THE ANNALS OF HYGIENE. 237 1. Abductor muscles, whereby the ex-tremities are drawn from the middle lineof the body. 2. Adductor muscles, which carry thelimbs to the middle line of the body. 3. Attraction muscles, whereby wemove the parts forward. 9. Supinator muscles turn backwardand outward. 10. Depresser muscles, draw the lips,side of the nose and angle of the mouthdown. 11. Levator muscles, lift and raise theparts, as eyelids and lips. The two latter. 7. Rotation. 4. Retraction muscles, move the partsbackward. 5. Extensor muscles, stretch the bodyand extremities. 6. Flexor muscles, bend the body andlimbs. 7. Rotator muscles, turn the parts ontheir axis. 8. Pronator muscles, £turn the partsforward, and inward. and the sphincter and constrictor musclesare not as much under our command asthe other nine kinds of muscles. Permit me to call the actions of thevoluntary muscles the alphabet to a morerational systematic and beneficial exerciseof our body. Without the knowledge ofthese actions calisthenics and gymnasticsremain to a greater extent necessity of physical education will 238 THE ANNALS OF HYGIENE. certainly be better comprehended andvalued when we teach fundamental prin-ciples. Erasmus Wilson said: In mindlies the great secret of beneficial exercise,and without it exercise is a misnomer, anda fraud on the constitution. There are already a number of educa-tional institutions where physical exercisesare practiced,
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