. Practical botany. Botany. FLOWERS 111 groups (Figs. Ill and 121). In such cases the stamens are said to be monaddphous, diadeJpJ/ims, fruidelpJious, polyadelphous (in one, two, thi'ee, many brotherhoods). The function of the stamen is to produce poJh'ii, a powdery or pasty substance com- posed of separate grains (Figs. 105 and 106), whicli is formed within four cavities in the anther (Fig. 99). The two cavities on eacli side generally join to form a single larger pollen sac as the anther matures. Pollen is discharged from the mature anther in various ways, as shown in Fig. 100. The special s
. Practical botany. Botany. FLOWERS 111 groups (Figs. Ill and 121). In such cases the stamens are said to be monaddphous, diadeJpJ/ims, fruidelpJious, polyadelphous (in one, two, thi'ee, many brotherhoods). The function of the stamen is to produce poJh'ii, a powdery or pasty substance com- posed of separate grains (Figs. 105 and 106), whicli is formed within four cavities in the anther (Fig. 99). The two cavities on eacli side generally join to form a single larger pollen sac as the anther matures. Pollen is discharged from the mature anther in various ways, as shown in Fig. 100. The special significance of some of these modes of discharge is explained in Chapter ^^11. 101. The carpel. The simplest form di' the organ which bears ovules or rudimentary seeds is called a carpel (from a Greek word meaning " fruit"). The most elementaiy kind of carpel is found in the lowest seed plants, and often consists, as ui the pines and other cone-bearing trees, of a single scale, with a naked ovule borne at its base (Fig. 252). In the higher seed plants the carpel con- tains an ovule-bearing cavity (Figs. 14 and 101), in ^\•hich the ovules are completely inclosed while they are maturing. 102. The pistil. The entire carpellary portion of the flower of the higher seed plants is called a pistil (Latin for pestle').^ In flowers which have but one carpel, jo/sf ;7 and carpel mean 1 It would be better to call it, as some botanists do, gyruBceum, but the word pistil is so much in use in descriptive botany that it seems likely to be retained for a good IIA i'm. 100. Various types of anther A, iris, discharging pollen by ;i longitudinal slit; B, barberry, discharging pollen by uplifted valves: C, nightshade; D, bilberry, discharging pollen through holes or pores at the top of the anther. A, B, C. after BaiUon; D, after Kerner. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea
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