. The age of Hildebrand. rengar,director of the cathedral school at Tours, resumed theattack on Paschasius, and denied the doctrine of tran-substantiation as taught by him, asserting with Erigenathat the presence of Christ in the elements is real, butonly symbolic and spiritually conceived. Berengar was assailed by Lanfranc, afterwardsArchbishop of Canterbury, at a council held by Leom Rome in 1050, and was condemned, without cita-tion and without hearing, on the strength of a privateletter to Lanfranc in which he had avowed the posi-tion of Erigena. The council excommunicated him,but this did
. The age of Hildebrand. rengar,director of the cathedral school at Tours, resumed theattack on Paschasius, and denied the doctrine of tran-substantiation as taught by him, asserting with Erigenathat the presence of Christ in the elements is real, butonly symbolic and spiritually conceived. Berengar was assailed by Lanfranc, afterwardsArchbishop of Canterbury, at a council held by Leom Rome in 1050, and was condemned, without cita-tion and without hearing, on the strength of a privateletter to Lanfranc in which he had avowed the posi-tion of Erigena. The council excommunicated him,but this did not finally dispose of the matter, whichcame before several different councils and synods, andwas not finally settled until 1078, when Hildebrand,who had all along secretly befriended Berengar, andwho has been supposed by many to have sympathizedwith his views, demanded and received his recanta-tion and his subscription of a strict transubstantia-tional formula. CHAPTER IV. THE NORMANS- -VICTOR -BEATRIX AND. NEW element now appears in our his-tory and enters into the movements ofthe whole period with which we have todeal. This element is the Norman ^hall see it persistently asserting itselfin the long struggle between the Papacy and the em-pire; the object of soHcitation and purchase by bothparties; allied sometimes with the one and sometimeswith the other; often turning the scale into which itssword is thrown; the both of the humilia-tion and of the triumph of the Papacy. The name Norman is a softened form of North-man, which was first applied to the Scandinavianpeople in general, and afterwards, more strictly, tothose of Norwa}^ These hardy piratical adventur-ers first appeared in France in 912, when a band ofthem, led by one Rolf, gained possession of the side of the mouth of the Seine and settledthere. Although originally the same in name anddescent, the Normans differed from the all the sturdy vigor of the race,
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