. Local and regional anesthesia : with chapters on spinal, epidural, paravertebral, and parasacral analgesia, and on other applications of local and regional anesthesia to the surgery of the eye, ear, nose and throat, and to dental practice. hose foramina ovalia are equal to eachother. The shape varies from the small longitudinal slit to the circu-lar form; there occur also transverse, oval, as well as occasionally rolland kidney forms. The length, on the average mm., varies betweenS and 11 mm. (Table II, No. 1), the breadth between 2 and l\ mm.,with an average of mm. (Table II, No. 2)
. Local and regional anesthesia : with chapters on spinal, epidural, paravertebral, and parasacral analgesia, and on other applications of local and regional anesthesia to the surgery of the eye, ear, nose and throat, and to dental practice. hose foramina ovalia are equal to eachother. The shape varies from the small longitudinal slit to the circu-lar form; there occur also transverse, oval, as well as occasionally rolland kidney forms. The length, on the average mm., varies betweenS and 11 mm. (Table II, No. 1), the breadth between 2 and l\ mm.,with an average of mm. (Table II, No. 2). The accompanying Fig. 195 shows the size relationships of theforamen ovale found by us in 116 examinations. According to this,the way through the foramen ovale must always stand open for thecannula ( mm. thickness); still, according to my experience, a 534 LOCAL ANESTHESIA breadth under 3 mm. means a difficulty in puncturing. We foundthis unfavorable breadth in 8 per cent, of the skulls examined (TableII, No. 3). Occasionally the foramen ovale is not bony all the wayaround, and stands in open connection with the foramen spinosum or Ant palatini fittsi tumit* lift Nato-palctl. * Ant palat iw/rmnimtf4 rujfa KaM palat. y/f /i 11\- .if P* tat* ,- ,l,ti ,14 C -FAarynytal Spin* fvr 9\lf. OltTHIil Fig. 196— Base of the skull, external surface. (After Gray.) lacerum or both (Table II, No. 3). On the other hand, a multipleforamen ovale, which Offerhaus found unusually frequent (5 per cent.),we could not observe in any case, nor are any similar cases mentionedin the anatomic literature (Poirier, Testut). On the other hand, THE HEAD, SCALP, CRANIUM, BRAIN, AND FACE 535 atypical venous emissaries (foramina innominata, venosa, Vesalii)are frequent in the neighborhood of the foramen ovale. The entrance to the foramen ovale is overhung on the anteriorend by the lamina lateralis of the pterygoid process; behind, by the
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