. The Principles and practice of gynecology : for students and practitioners. within the bladder itself. Normal urine suffers no change in a normalbladder free from microbes; hence a comparison of analyses of urinetaken from the bladder, with urine taken directly from each kidney,may at once indicate the exact location of the disease. There may DiA cyos/s. X5 be present the subjective symptorns of cystitis—that is, pyuria, ])ain-ful and trequent urination, aiul aninioniacal urine—anil yet tlie bladdermay be free from disease. The points to be observed in urine thus obtained are the reactionand
. The Principles and practice of gynecology : for students and practitioners. within the bladder itself. Normal urine suffers no change in a normalbladder free from microbes; hence a comparison of analyses of urinetaken from the bladder, with urine taken directly from each kidney,may at once indicate the exact location of the disease. There may DiA cyos/s. X5 be present the subjective symptorns of cystitis—that is, pyuria, ])ain-ful and trequent urination, aiul aninioniacal urine—anil yet tlie bladdermay be free from disease. The points to be observed in urine thus obtained are the reactionand the presence or absence of patiiok^gical products, such as pus,blood, epithelial cells, l)acteria, and crystals. The reaction of tlieurine should be taken al once, as secondary chancres sometimes occurquite rapidly. If urine taken directly from the kidneys possess anormal degree of acidity, while that from the bladder be alkaline,it is evident that the pathological process producing the alkalinitymust be within the bladder. If urine from the kidneys be free Figure Urine being taken through each ureter separately by means of the Harris segregator: C. cath-eters : D, watershed lever attached to catheters, and iu use : bb and bb, catheters closed and par-tially open: D. watershed lever detached from catheters : R, bottle connected by rubber tube toright catheter I L, bottle connected by rubber tube to left catheter. These bottles receive theurine from the right and left ureters respectively : E, rubber bulb attached by rubber tubes tobottles. This bulb is used to exhaust the air partially from the bottles, so that the urine mayflow more readily : aa and aa, ends of catheters where bottles are attached. from pathological products, while that from the bladder contains pus,epithelium, or bacteria, the involvement of the bladder is unques-tionable. 5. Segregation.—Another instrument of importance is the segre-gator of Harris; it collects the urine directly and separately a
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