. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. re. At other timesit was merely a convenient stump in front of the cabin the latter case a nearby sapling was often bent over and at-tached to the pestle, Avhich it helped raise. Such mills werereplaced by power mills as soon as population had increasedsufficiently to make the latter profitable. The Greeks of the 2G4 THE BOOK OF WHEAT mortar period made the first recorded milling revolution byusing male operatives. These were called pounders. The Quern was the first complete grinding machine in whicht
. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. re. At other timesit was merely a convenient stump in front of the cabin the latter case a nearby sapling was often bent over and at-tached to the pestle, Avhich it helped raise. Such mills werereplaced by power mills as soon as population had increasedsufficiently to make the latter profitable. The Greeks of the 2G4 THE BOOK OF WHEAT mortar period made the first recorded milling revolution byusing male operatives. These were called pounders. The Quern was the first complete grinding machine in whichthe parts were mechanically combined, and it also introducedthe circular motion. It was apparently unknown before 200B. C, but it was widely used at the dawn of the Chi-istian era,and it is often mentioned in the Bible. The first form of thelower stone was conical, but the later type was flattened. Theupper stone conformed to the pattern of its mate. Hollowed outin the centre until there was a hole at its base, the upper stonealso served as a grain hopper. The stone was turned by a. THE QUERX, ax early FORM OF STONE MILL handle inserted in its side. An important improvement wasmade at an early date when the grinding faces of the stone weregrooved, for the edges facilitated grinding and the groovesserved as channels through which the meal Avas forced to therim of the stones. This was a rude foreshadowing of the ]irin-ciples of methodical furrowing, a process which was not fullydeveloped until the era of water mills. The quern was theoriginal British flour mill, and it is claimed that it was stillused in the mountainous parts of Scotland a decade ago. Whenthe quern was large the upper stone had two handles. Womendid the grinding. In Homers time, the millers Avere alsoAvomen, and it required the labor of from one-tenth to one-sixteenth of the community to prepare flour. Ever since the THE MILLING OF WHEAT 265 making of flour became a distinct trade, milling has been es-teemed as an
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