Applied anatomy and kinesiology; the mechanism of muscular movement . jumping, vaulting, climbing, rowing,paddling and bicycling. Walking, as used in play activities, has no special features beyondwhat has already been explained. Running in general is the same PLAYS, GAMES AND SPORTS 311 as that considered in Chapter IX except the crouching start andthe swing of the arms used in sprint racing. In the crouching start (Fig. 188) the trunk is horizpntal, the armshelping a little in supporting the weight but mostly in keeping thepoise. The hip and knee of the rear limb are flexed to a right anglea
Applied anatomy and kinesiology; the mechanism of muscular movement . jumping, vaulting, climbing, rowing,paddling and bicycling. Walking, as used in play activities, has no special features beyondwhat has already been explained. Running in general is the same PLAYS, GAMES AND SPORTS 311 as that considered in Chapter IX except the crouching start andthe swing of the arms used in sprint racing. In the crouching start (Fig. 188) the trunk is horizpntal, the armshelping a little in supporting the weight but mostly in keeping thepoise. The hip and knee of the rear limb are flexed to a right angleand those of the other limb still more. The spine is arched. All this puts considerable tension on the extensor muscles of thetrunk and lower limbs and also puts the gluteus maximus in aposition to help. No other position yet discovered enables therunner to start so quickly. In sprinting the rotation of hips and shoulders is eliminated asfar as possible in the belief that they interfere with the runnersspeed. The arms are held straight down at the sides and care is. Fig. 188.—The crouching start. taken to swing them directly forward and backward, so that theywill not prodtice any rotary movement of the shoulders. The trunkmuscles are all kept in static contraction to give strongest sup-port for the vigorous action of the muscles moving the limbs. Thisstops the breathing, most sprinters running the 100 yards withbut two or three breaths and some with but one. Skating differs from running in several particulars. The body issupported on the skates practically all of the time, progress beingmade by a sliding motion instead of a flight through the of the nature of the skate and its contact with the ice orfloor the advancing movement is diagonally forward and sideward, sothat the limbs are rotated outward, largely eliminating the extensorsof the ankle from the work. The trunk is held nearly horizontal 312 PLAYS, GAMES AND SPORTS to avoid wind pressure, and this puts the
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