. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Subgenera and Genera of Carpenter Bees. Xylocopini duced trees with Pwx\/Iocopn arising as the basal taxon in the tribe. Terminology generally follows that of Michener (1944, 1965) and Hurd and Moure (1963), except that I use me- dial (as opposed to lateral) instead of mediolongitudinal for structures on the tibial spine, propodeum, terga and sterna. Terga and sterna are designated as T and S, respec- tively, and segments are numbered from a
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Subgenera and Genera of Carpenter Bees. Xylocopini duced trees with Pwx\/Iocopn arising as the basal taxon in the tribe. Terminology generally follows that of Michener (1944, 1965) and Hurd and Moure (1963), except that I use me- dial (as opposed to lateral) instead of mediolongitudinal for structures on the tibial spine, propodeum, terga and sterna. Terga and sterna are designated as T and S, respec- tively, and segments are numbered from anterior to poste- rior, , SI, S2, etc. 1 follow Brothers (1976) in the use of metapostnotum instead of propodeal triangle, and Michener (1975) and Reyes (1991) in the use of ventroapical plate for the ventral distal projection of the male gonocoxite. Mandibular structures are described using the terminology of Michener and Fraser (1978). Examination of the reservoirs of the mesosomal glands of the males required dissection of the posterior part of the thorax using techniques described by Minckley (1994); this was limited to specimens for which I had permission to dissect. For ready comparison, the characters are given the same number in the cladistic analysis and the group descriptions. The cladograms were produced using the computer program PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Par- simony) Version (Swofford, 1993) and analyzed with MacClade version (Maddison and Maddison, 1993). Characters and Coding The characters, as numbered below, correspond to the numbers in all the subsequent tables and trees and in the group descriptions. Numbers in parentheses are the codes used in the data matrix and on the cladograms. Unless noted otherwise, 0 is considered the plesiomorphic state. 1. Color of male vestiture.—(0) dark brown, black, green, or pale; (1) tawny or ferruginous on at least dorsum of body. State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 2. Subapical tooth or convexity o
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