. Pathological technique; a practical manual for workers in pathological histology and bacteriology. tonealcavities in consequence of gangrenous masses breaking intothem and from stomach or intestinal ulcerations, from newgrowths, occasionally from no clear cause. The fluid result-ing from the perforation of a gastric ulcer may show yeast-cells and sarcinae, and give an acid reaction. Examination of Serous —In 1900 Widal andRavaut published a method for the examination of serousfluids and gave it the name of cy to diagnosis. RecentlyJousset has described a method for the detection of t
. Pathological technique; a practical manual for workers in pathological histology and bacteriology. tonealcavities in consequence of gangrenous masses breaking intothem and from stomach or intestinal ulcerations, from newgrowths, occasionally from no clear cause. The fluid result-ing from the perforation of a gastric ulcer may show yeast-cells and sarcinae, and give an acid reaction. Examination of Serous —In 1900 Widal andRavaut published a method for the examination of serousfluids and gave it the name of cy to diagnosis. RecentlyJousset has described a method for the detection of the 1 This section has been written by Dr. Percy Musgrave, who has thoroughlytested these methods in the Clinico-Pathological Laboratory of the Massachu-setts General Hospital. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY. 457 bacillus tuberculosis, under the name of inoscopy. Thesetwo methods have been found of much importance in theexamination of serous effusions as means of determiningtheir etiology. Cytodiagnosis consists in the examination of the cellularelements with reference to the variety of cell which predomi-. Fig. 147.—Cytodiagnosis. Polynuclear leucocytes and swollen endothelialcells in a smear preparation from the centrifugalized sediment of the fluid froman acute infectious non-tubercular pleuritis (Percy Musgrave; photo by L. ). nates in the sediment. The originators of this method havegiven us the following formulae : 1. Predominance of polynuclear leucocytes means an acuteinfectious process. 2. Predominance of lymphocytes means tuberculosis. 3. Few cellular elements with a large proportion of endo-thelial cells, occurring especially in sheets or plaques, meansa transudate or mechanical effusion. These writers have given us no special formula for cancer,but there is reason to believe that cancerous fluids show arelatively large number of endothelial cells mixed with alarger percentage of lymphocytes than is found in the me-chanical effusions, and also that cancerous fluids hav
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