. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria . s Nikanor and Philotas, Crater, Clitos, Antigonus,and others whose names are familiar to us all; a larger forcethan Memnon and his subordinates were able to bring up tooppose him, at all events at the opening of the campaign,during the preliminary operations which determined thesuccess of the enterprise. The first years of the campaign seem like a reviewof the countries and nations which in bygone times hadplayed the chief part in Oriental history. An engagementat the fords of the G-ranicus, only a few days after thecrossing of the He
. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria . s Nikanor and Philotas, Crater, Clitos, Antigonus,and others whose names are familiar to us all; a larger forcethan Memnon and his subordinates were able to bring up tooppose him, at all events at the opening of the campaign,during the preliminary operations which determined thesuccess of the enterprise. The first years of the campaign seem like a reviewof the countries and nations which in bygone times hadplayed the chief part in Oriental history. An engagementat the fords of the G-ranicus, only a few days after thecrossing of the Hellespont, placed Asia Minor at themercy of the invader (334). Mysia, Lydia, Caria, andLycia tendered their submission, Miletus and Halicarnassus 376 THE LAST DAYS OF THE OLD EASTERN ^VORLD being the only towns to offer any resistance. In thespring of 333, Phrygia followed the general movement,in company with Cappadocia and Cilicia; these representedthe Hittite and Asianic world, the last representativesof which thus escaped from the influences of the East. THE BATTIjE-FIELD OF ISSUS. and passed under the Hellenic supremacy. At the footof the Amanus, Alexander came into conflict not onlywith the generals of Darius, but with the great kinghimself. The Amanus, and the part of the Taurus whichborders on the Euphrates valley, had. always constitutedthe line of demarcation between the domain of the racesof the Asianic peninsula and that of the Semitic peoples. 1 Drawn by Boudier, from a photograph by Lortet.
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