. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. USE OF CONCRETE PIPE IN IRRIGATION. 47 to the hydrants (fig. 29). This portable pipe is made of light- weight galvanized iron and is easily carried from one hydrant to another. This method assures even distribution to each furrow, and prevents washing at the stand. More labor during irrigation is required, however. Where hillside land is to be irrigated, several new types of valves have been developed (figs. 30 and 31). Most of these new valves or methods of installation have been developed to assure an even flow from
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. USE OF CONCRETE PIPE IN IRRIGATION. 47 to the hydrants (fig. 29). This portable pipe is made of light- weight galvanized iron and is easily carried from one hydrant to another. This method assures even distribution to each furrow, and prevents washing at the stand. More labor during irrigation is required, however. Where hillside land is to be irrigated, several new types of valves have been developed (figs. 30 and 31). Most of these new valves or methods of installation have been developed to assure an even flow from valves in spite of considerable variation in pressure in the orchard lateral. It is common practice in hillside irrigation systems to install the main feed lines along the upper sides of the tracts and to arrange orchard laterals to run down the steepest slope. As some of these laterals run down for several thousand feet on grades that fall from 15 to 35 feet per 100 feet, it can be seen that valves or outlets must be arranged to continually relieve the pressure in the Fig. 29.—Distributing hydrant formed of portable pipe having small sliding gates. There are several distinct types of distributing systems designed to control pressure. Overflow stands may be placed at stated inter- vals down grade (fig. 26), the stands being high enough to back water up to the next relief stand above it, distributing hydrants being placed between the relief stands. The relief stand may be made of two parallel concrete pipes set vertically, as shown in figure 32, so that water will rise in one to the required height, and overflow into the other and thence down the pipe to the next stand. The common orchard valve can be used to supply water to the furrows. The stand- pipes may consist of one pipe of small diameter set in another as described in a previous chapter. The second plan makes use of an ordinary open stand (fig. 33) that does not stand above the ground surface over two or three f
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