. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 18. Fig. 13: Outer Himalayas, subtropical zone. Artificially opened Pinus rox- burghii forest. Buri Gandaki Valley below Nyak. 1700 m. Gorkha Distr., J. Martens. The lower limit of the mountain region of the temperate zone (middle cloud forest zone, 2500-3000 m) coincides with the upper limit of permanent settlements in the outer Hima- layas (southern macroslope). This limit frequently marks a lower condensation level of the monsoon precipitation, hence permanently high humidity. This belt is also dominated by oaks, but now the species cha
. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 18. Fig. 13: Outer Himalayas, subtropical zone. Artificially opened Pinus rox- burghii forest. Buri Gandaki Valley below Nyak. 1700 m. Gorkha Distr., J. Martens. The lower limit of the mountain region of the temperate zone (middle cloud forest zone, 2500-3000 m) coincides with the upper limit of permanent settlements in the outer Hima- layas (southern macroslope). This limit frequently marks a lower condensation level of the monsoon precipitation, hence permanently high humidity. This belt is also dominated by oaks, but now the species change. All the tropical components of the flora, in particular the laurels, finally disappear. Deciduous tree species, in particular maple (Acer), 13 spe- cies of which are found throughout Nepal, occur more frequently (Hara & Williams 1979). The number of species and the density of the arboreal Rhododendron stands increase con- siderably, and even the conifers gain in significance. The amounts of precipitation vary greatly from place to place. In addition, snow is present for 2 to 2 1/2 months throughout the mountain region wherever the slopes are shaded. In its western part, the mountain region extends from an altitude of 2700 m to 3200 m, and in the east from 2400 m to 2900/3000 m. Only a few of the many different types of forest, arranged according to increasing preci- pitation rates at the sites, will be mentioned here. An important role is played in many. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Bonn, Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig
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